Sisitemu za Ultrasound - Kubona Ibitagaragara hakoreshejwe Amajwi

Ikoranabuhanga rya none rya ultrasound ryahinduye amashusho y’ubuvuzi kuva ku mashusho y’umubiri adahinduka ajya ku isuzuma ry’imikorere, byose nta mirasire ikora. Iyi nkuru irasuzuma fiziki, ikoreshwa mu buvuzi, n’udushya dugezweho mu gusuzuma ultrasound.

Amahame y'umubiri
Ultrasound yo kwa muganga ikora kuri frequencies za 2-18MHz. Ingufu za piezoelectric zihindura ingufu z'amashanyarazi mo vibrations za mechanical muri transducer. Time-gain compensation (TGC) ihindura uburyo bwo kugabanya ubujyakuzimu (0.5-1 dB/cm/MHz). Axial resolution ishingira ku burebure bw'umurambararo (λ = c/f), mu gihe lateral resolution ifitanye isano n'ubugari bw'imirasire.

Ingengabihe y'Ihindagurika

• 1942: Karl Dussik yakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu buvuzi (gufata amashusho y'ubwonko)
• 1958: Ian Donald yakoze ultrasound yo kubyara
• 1976: Imashini zihindura amashusho za analog zituma habaho amashusho y’ikijuju
• 1983: Imashini ikoresha ibara (Color Doppler) yatangijwe na Namekawa na Kasai
• 2012: FDA yemeje ibikoresho bya mbere bikoreshwa mu mufuka

Uburyo bwo kwa muganga

1. Uburyo bwa B
   Ishusho y'ibanze y'ikijuju ifite ubushobozi bwo kureba aho ibintu biherereye kugeza kuri 0.1mm
2. Tekiniki zo gukoresha Doppler

• Ibara rya Doppler: Gupima umuvuduko (Ingingo ntarengwa ya Nyquist ni 0.5-2m/s)
• Power Doppler: Inshuro 3-5 zoroshye kumva iyo amazi atemba buhoro
• Spectral Doppler: Ipima ubukana bwa stenosis (ibipimo bya PSV >2 bigaragaza >50% stenosis ya carotid)

3. Ubuhanga buhanitse

• Elastography (Ubukomere bw'umwijima >7.1kPa bugaragaza fibrosis ya F2)
• Ultrasound yongerewe ubushobozi bwo kugaragaza itandukaniro ry'imiterere y'umubiri (SonoVue microbubbles)
• Ishusho ya 3D/4D (Voluson E10 igera ku gipimo cya voxel cya 0.3mm)

Porogaramu zigitangira

• Ultrasound yibanda ku gupima (FUS)
  • Gukoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi (85% kurokoka imyaka 3 mu gihe cy'umutingito ukomeye)
  • Uruhu rw'amaraso n'ubwonko rufasha mu kuvura indwara ya Alzheimer
• Ultrasound yo mu rwego rwo hejuru (POCUS)
  • Isuzuma ryihuse (98% by'ubuhanga ku ndwara ya hemoperitoneum)
  • Imirongo ya B-ultrasound yo mu bihaha (93% by'ubuziranenge ku kubyimba kw'ibihaha)

Imbibi z'udushya

1. Ikoranabuhanga rya CMUT
   Utwuma dukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya ultrasonic twakozwe na capacitive dutanga uburyo bwo gukoresha bandwidth ya ultra-wide (3-18MHz) hamwe na bandwidth ya fractional ya 40%.
2. Guhuza ubuhanga mu by'ubukorano (AI)

• Samsung S-Shearwave itanga ibipimo bya elastography biyobowe na AI
• Ibarura rya EF ryikora ryerekana isano ya 0.92 na MRI y'umutima

3. Impinduramatwara ikoresha intoki
   Butterfly iQ+ ikoresha ibintu 9000 bya MEMS mu buryo bwa single-chip, bipima garama 205 gusa.
4. Porogaramu zo kuvura
   Histotripsy igabanya ibibyimba mu buryo butabangamira umubiri hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gupima mu maso (acoustic cavitation) (igeragezwa rya kanseri y'umwijima).

Imbogamizi za tekiniki

• Gukosora ihinduka ry'ibyiciro ku barwayi bafite umubyibuho ukabije
• Ubujyakuzimu bw'amazi buto (15cm kuri 3MHz)
• Algorithm zo kugabanya urusaku rw'udusimba
• Inzitizi z’amategeko ku buryo bwo gusuzuma indwara bushingiye ku buhanga bwa AI

Isoko ry’isi rya ultrasound (amadolari miliyari 8.5 mu 2023) riri kuvugururwa na sisitemu zigendanwa, ubu zikaba zigize 35% by’ibyagurishijwe. Hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho nka super-resolution imaging (kubona imiyoboro ya 50μm) n’uburyo bwo gutanga imikorere y’imitsi, ultrasound ikomeje gusobanura neza imbibi z’isuzuma ritavangiye.