Fimertip pulse oximeter yavumbuwe na Millikan mu myaka ya za 40 kugirango ikurikirane ubukana bwa ogisijeni mu maraso ya arterial, ikimenyetso gikomeye cy'uburemere bwa COVID-19.Yonker ubu asobanura uburyo urutoki rwa pulse oximeter ikora?
Ibiranga kwinjiza ibintu biranga ingirabuzima fatizo y’ibinyabuzima: Iyo urumuri rwinjijwe mu ngingo z’ibinyabuzima, ingaruka z’ibinyabuzima ku mucyo zirashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bine, birimo kwinjiza, gutatanya, gutekereza hamwe na fluorescence. Niba gutatanya ukuyemo, intera umucyo unyura mu binyabuzima tissue igengwa ahanini no kwinjizwa. Iyo urumuri rwinjiye mubintu bimwe bibonerana (bikomeye, amazi cyangwa gaze), ubukana bwurumuri buragabanuka cyane bitewe no kwinjiza intego yibice bimwe na bimwe byihariye, aribyo bintu byo kwinjiza urumuri nibintu. Ni mu buhe buryo urumuri ikintu gikurura cyitwa ubwinshi bwa optique, kizwi kandi nko kwinjiza.
Igishushanyo mbonera cyo kwinjiza urumuri kubintu byose murwego rwo gukwirakwiza urumuri, ingano yingufu zumucyo zinjizwa nibintu bigereranywa nibintu bitatu, aribyo ubukana bwurumuri, intera yinzira yumucyo numubare wibice bikurura urumuri kuri igice cyambukiranya inzira yumucyo. Hishimikijwe ibintu bimwe, inzira yumucyo umubare wumucyo ukurura urumuri kumurongo wambukiranya urashobora gufatwa nkibice bikurura urumuri kumubumbe umwe, aribyo kwibumbira hamwe kwinshi, bishobora kubona amategeko yinzoga ya lambert: birashobora gusobanurwa nkibintu byibanda kandi Uburebure bwinzira ya optique kuri ingano yubunini bwa optique, ibikoresho byo guswera ibintu ubushobozi bwo gusubiza kumiterere yumucyo wibikoresho.Mu yandi magambo, imiterere yikwirakwizwa rya spécran spécurifike yibintu bimwe ni kimwe, kandi umwanya wuzuye wa impinga yo kwinjiza izahinduka gusa bitewe nubushakashatsi butandukanye, ariko umwanya ugereranije ntuzahinduka. Muburyo bwo kwinjirira, kwinjiza ibintu byose bibera mubunini bwigice kimwe, kandi ibintu byinjira ntaho bihuriye, kandi nta florescente ibaho, kandi nta kintu na kimwe cyo guhindura imiterere yikigereranyo bitewe imirasire yumucyo. Kubwibyo, kubisubizo hamwe nibice bya N byo kwinjiza, ubwinshi bwa optique ni inyongera. Kwiyongera k'ubucucike bwa optique butanga amahame ngenderwaho yo gupima ingano y'ibice byinjira mu mvange.
Muri optique ya biologiya optique, akarere ka 600 ~ 1300nm gakunze kwitwa "idirishya rya biologiya spekitroscopi", kandi urumuri muri iri tsinda rufite akamaro gakomeye kubantu benshi bazwi kandi batazwi no kuvura indwara. Mu karere ka infragre, amazi ahinduka ikintu cyiganjemo urumuri mu binyabuzima, bityo uburebure bwumuraba bwakoreshejwe na sisitemu bugomba kwirinda impanuka y’amazi kugira ngo urusheho kubona amakuru yinjira mu mucyo. Kubwibyo, murwego rwo hafi ya infrarafarike ya 600-950nm, ibice byingenzi bigize urutoki rwintoki zumuntu zifite ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza urumuri harimo amazi mumaraso, O2Hb (ogisijeni hemoglobine), RHb (kugabanya hemoglobine) hamwe na melanine yuruhu rwa peripheri hamwe nizindi ngingo.
Kubwibyo, turashobora kubona amakuru yingirakamaro yibice byibipimo bigomba gupimwa mubice tugasesengura amakuru yimyuka ihumanya ikirere. Iyo rero dufite intumbero ya O2Hb na RHb, tuzi kuzura ogisijeni.Umwuka wa Oxygene SpO2ni ijanisha ryubunini bwa ogisijeni ihujwe na ogisijeni hemoglobine (HbO2) mu maraso nkijanisha rya hemoglobine yose ihuza (Hb), ubwinshi bwamaraso ya ogisijeni yamaraso none kuki yitwa pulse oximeter? Dore igitekerezo gishya: umuvuduko wamaraso pulse wave. Muri buri cyiciro cyumutima, kwikuramo umutima bitera umuvuduko wamaraso kwiyongera mumitsi yamaraso yumuzi wa aortic, wagura urukuta rwamaraso. Ibinyuranye, diastole yumutima itera umuvuduko wamaraso kugwa mumitsi yamaraso yumuzi wa aortic, bigatuma urukuta rwamaraso rwangirika. Hamwe nogusubiramo kwinzira yumutima, guhora guhindagurika kwumuvuduko wamaraso mumitsi yamaraso yumuzi wa aortic bizanduzwa mumitsi yo hepfo ihujwe nayo ndetse no mumikorere ya arterial yose, bityo bikore kwaguka no kugabanuka kwa urukuta rwose rw'amaraso. Nukuvuga ko gukubita k'umutima buri gihe bitera imivumba muri aorta izunguruka imbere kurukuta rw'imitsi y'amaraso muri sisitemu ya arterial. Igihe cyose umutima wagutse kandi ugasezerana, ihinduka ryumuvuduko muri sisitemu ya arterial ritanga imihengeri yigihe. Ibi nibyo twita pulse wave. Umuvuduko wa pulse urashobora kwerekana amakuru menshi yumubiri nkumutima, umuvuduko wamaraso n umuvuduko wamaraso, bishobora gutanga amakuru yingenzi kugirango hatabaho kwibasirwa nibintu byihariye byumubiri wumuntu.
Mubuvuzi, impiswi isanzwe igabanyijemo umuvuduko wumuvuduko nubunini bwubwoko bubiri. Umuvuduko ukabije wumuvuduko ugereranya kwanduza umuvuduko wamaraso, mugihe umuvuduko wimitsi ugereranya impinduka zigihe cyamaraso. Ugereranije numuvuduko ukabije wumuvuduko, volumetric pulse wave ikubiyemo amakuru yingenzi yumutima nimiyoboro yimitsi nkimiyoboro yamaraso yabantu no gutembera kwamaraso. Kudashishoza byerekana umuvuduko wamaraso wamaraso arashobora kugerwaho hifashishijwe ifoto yumuriro wa volumetric pulse wave tracing. Umuhengeri wihariye ukoreshwa kugirango umurikire igice cyapimwe cyumubiri, kandi urumuri rugera kuri sensor ya fotoelectric nyuma yo gutekereza cyangwa kwanduza. Ikirangantego cyakiriwe kizatwara amakuru meza aranga volumetric pulse wave. Kuberako ubwinshi bwamaraso buhinduka mugihe cyo kwaguka no kugabanuka k'umutima, iyo diastole yumutima, ubwinshi bwamaraso aribwo buto, kwinjiza amaraso kumucyo, sensor yamenye ubukana bwinshi bwurumuri; Iyo umutima ugabanutse, amajwi ni menshi kandi ubukana bwurumuri bwagaragajwe na sensor ni buke. Mu gutahura kudasobanutse kwintoki zifite umuvuduko wamaraso umuvuduko wamaraso nkamakuru yo gupima mu buryo butaziguye, guhitamo ahantu hapimwa ibipimo bigomba gukurikiza amahame akurikira
1. Imitsi yimitsi yamaraso igomba kuba myinshi, kandi umubare wamakuru yingirakamaro nka hemoglobine na ICG mumakuru yose yibintu agomba gukosorwa
2. Ifite ibimenyetso bigaragara biranga umuvuduko wamaraso kugirango ikusanyirize hamwe ibimenyetso bya pulse wave signal
3. Kugirango tubone ibintu byabantu hamwe nibisubirwamo neza kandi bihamye, ibiranga ingirabuzimafatizo ntibiterwa no gutandukana kwabantu.
4. Biroroshe gukora ibintu byerekana ibintu, kandi biroroshye kwemerwa niri somo, kugirango wirinde ibintu bitavangira nko kwihuta k'umutima hamwe no gupima umwanya uterwa n'amarangamutima.
Igishushanyo mbonera cyo gukwirakwiza imiyoboro y'amaraso mu biganza by'abantu Umwanya w'ukuboko ntushobora kumenya neza imivumba, bityo ntibikwiriye ko hamenyekana umuvuduko w'amaraso; Ukuboko kwegereye imiyoboro ya radiyo, ibimenyetso byumuvuduko wumuvuduko birakomeye, uruhu rworoshe kubyara ibinyeganyega, birashobora gutuma habaho ikimenyetso cyo gutahura hiyongereyeho amajwi ya pulse nayo itwara amakuru yerekana uruhu, biragoye kubisobanura neza kuranga ibiranga ihinduka ryamaraso, ntibikwiye kumwanya wo gupima; Nubwo imikindo ari imwe mu mbuga zisanzwe zishushanya amaraso, igufwa ryayo rirabyimbye kuruta urutoki, kandi amplitude amplitude amplitude yubunini bwikigazi yakusanyirijwe hamwe na diffuse iragabanuka. Igicapo 2-5 cerekana ikwirakwizwa ryimitsi yamaraso mumikindo. Urebye igishushanyo, birashobora kugaragara ko hari imiyoboro myinshi ya capillary igice cyimbere cyurutoki, gishobora kwerekana neza ibirimo hemoglobine mumubiri wumuntu. Byongeye kandi, iyi myanya ifite ibimenyetso bigaragara biranga umuvuduko wamaraso uhinduka, kandi ni umwanya mwiza wo gupima umuvuduko wa pulse. Imitsi n'amagufwa y'intoki birasa cyane, bityo ingaruka zamakuru yivanga inyuma ni nto. Byongeye kandi, urutoki rworoshye kurupima, kandi isomo ntiruremereye mumitekerereze, rifasha kubona ibimenyetso bihamye byerekana ibimenyetso byerekana urusaku. Urutoki rw'umuntu rugizwe n'amagufa, imisumari, uruhu, tissue, amaraso y'amaraso n'amaraso ya arterial. Muburyo bwo gukorana numucyo, ubwinshi bwamaraso mumitsi yintoki ya peripheri ihindagurika hamwe no gutera umutima, bikavamo guhindura inzira yo gupima inzira nziza. Mugihe ibindi bice bihoraho murwego rwose rwumucyo.
Iyo uburebure bwumucyo runaka bwakoreshejwe kuri epidermis yintoki, urutoki rushobora gufatwa nkuruvange, harimo ibice bibiri: ibintu bihagaze (inzira ya optique ihoraho) nibintu bigenda neza (inzira ya optique ihinduka hamwe nubunini bwa ibikoresho). Iyo urumuri rwinjijwe nintoki zintoki, urumuri rwoherejwe rwakirwa na fotodetector. Ubwinshi bwurumuri rwanduye rwakusanyirijwe hamwe na sensor biragaragara ko rwiyongereye bitewe no gukurura ibice bitandukanye bigize intoki zabantu. Ukurikije ibi biranga, uburyo bungana bwo kwinjiza urutoki rwashyizweho.
Umuntu ubereye:
Oximeter y'intokiibereye abantu b'ingeri zose, barimo abana, abantu bakuru, abasaza, abarwayi bafite indwara z'umutima, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, trombose cerebral nizindi ndwara zifata imitsi hamwe nabarwayi barwaye asima, bronhite, bronhite idakira, indwara z'umutima zifata nizindi ndwara zubuhumekero.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-17-2022
